陕西省散打队运动员运动性损伤调查

目的:对陕西省散打队运动员损伤的发生部位、性质及损伤原因对训练的影响进行调查分析。方法:于2005-06/10(全国运动会前)在陕西省散打队队员35人和西安体育学院散打队45人发放问卷,男60人,女20人;年龄19￣25岁;武英级6人,一级27人,二级47人。纳入对象均同意参加问卷调查。结合运动医学临床检查,详细询问运动员现有和既往损伤史,包括部位、性质、损伤程度和损伤原因对训练的影响。结果:散打运动员损伤结果显示:①损伤性质:以挫伤60%、擦伤56%、扭伤31%、劳损25%等损伤所占比例高,其余损伤较少见。②损伤部位:头面部损伤占56.3%、腰部占31.3%、膝部占26.3%、四肢末端占42.3%。其余损伤所占比例相对较少。③损伤原因:散打运动中,导致运动员损伤的原因是多方面的。其中准备活动不足占28%,身体力量不足占26%,保护不到位占24%,运动量过大占22%,这4种所占比例在运动损伤原因中所占比例较高,其余损伤所占比例系数相对较低。散打运动员受伤的原因主要是准备活动不充分和专项力量不足。结论:由于散打运动的项目特点,运动员损伤部位以头面部、腰部、膝部、四肢末端病居多,损伤性质多以挫伤和擦伤为主,损伤原因多因准备活动补充分和专项力量不足为主。     

小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸技术的比较及其应用意义

目的:分析比较小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸技术的作用机制、作用靶点、设计方法和临床应用的异同。资料来源:应用计算机检索PubMed数据库1990-01/2007-02相关小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸方面的文献,检索词"siRNA;accessible site;antisense oligonucleotides;RNA Interference;mechanism;chemically modified siRNA;chemically modified oligonucleotides",限定文献语言种类为English。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取有关小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸的文献,开始查找全文。纳入标准:关于RNA干扰和反义寡核苷酸作用机制的研究;探讨如何在mRNA上寻找小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸作用靶点的论文;解释反义寡核苷酸化学修饰和小分子干扰RNA分类的文章;应用小分子干扰RNA治疗肿瘤的探索性研究。排除标准:非原创性的文章。资料提炼:共检索到200多篇关于小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸的文献,最终纳入40篇符合标准的文献。资料综合:尽管小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸作用机制不尽相同,但两者在很多方面如选择mRNA的作用靶点、化学修饰和应用等方面,是相通的。研究反义寡核苷酸的经验可以使小分子干扰RNA的研究事半功倍。本文对小分子干扰RNA和反义寡核苷酸技术进行了比较,这将有助于小分子干扰RNA的研究与应用。结论:研究反义寡核苷酸技术的经验对小分子干扰RNA的研究有指导意义,小分子干扰RNA是非常有希望被用于肿瘤治疗的新型药物。     

Postprandial impairment of resistance vessel function in insulin treated patients with diabetes mellitus type‐2

Reduced postischaemic reactive hyperaemia, is considered a marker of impaired resistance vessel function. Acute postprandial hyperlipidaemia has been shown to induce vascular dysfunction. In the present study, the impact of postprandial hyperglycaemia on resistance vessel reactivity was investigated in insulin treated type‐2 diabetic patients. The study was performed in 16 insulin treated type‐2 diabetics (eight male/eight female, age 47 ± 3 years, HbA1c 7·2 ± 0·2) and 16 controls. Reactive hyperaemia was measured in the forearm by venous occlusion plethysmography after 5 min of ischaemia in the fasting state and 90 min after a test meal. In diabetics, blood glucose increased from 8·7 ± 1·1 to 15·3 ± 1·0 mmol l^?1 (P<0·001) postprandially. This resulted in (i) a significant increase of resting blood flow (3·4 ± 0·3 to 4·8 ± 0·4 ml min^?1 100 ml^?1, P<0·01) and (ii) in a reduced peak reactive hyperaemia (52·3 ± 7·4 to 36·8 ± 4·3 ml min^?1 100 ml^?1, P<0·005). In controls, a similar effect of the meal on resting flow was observed but reactive hyperaemia was unaltered. In the absence of a test meal, basal flow as well as peak reactive hyperaemia remained unchanged in diabetic as well as in non‐diabetic subjects. Our data provide evidence that in the postprandial state resistance vessel reactivity becomes reduced in insulin treated type‐2 diabetic patients.     

Effects of pioglitazone on endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose control in subjects with coronary artery disease and new-onset type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: About one of five patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) suffers from previously unknown, predominantly postprandial type 2 diabetes. In the process of atherogenesis and the subsequent increased cardiovascular mortality of diabetic patients, endothelial dysfunction is suspected to play an important role, and it is observed in diabetic as well as insulin-resistant states. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of pioglitazone on endothelial dysfunction, insulin sensitivity, and glucose control in newly detected type 2 diabetic patients with CAD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated 42 patients (39 men and 3 women, age 60.25 +/- 7.5 years, HbA1c 6.1 +/- 0.5%) with manifest CAD and newly detected type 2 diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study with pioglitazone (30 mg/day for 12 weeks) was performed. At study entry and end, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and measurements of endothelial dysfunction by photoplethysmographic pulse wave analysis. RESULTS: Endothelial dysfunction was severely impaired at baseline in both groups. After 12 weeks, endothelial dysfunction was significantly better in the pioglitazone group (change of reflection index 6.5 +/- 5.1 vs. 1.6 +/- 2.9%, P = 0.002) compared with placebo. Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by homeostasis model assessment (2.20 +/- 1.62 vs. 3.61 +/- 1.87, P = 0.01), or the change of insulin sensitivity index from baseline to study end (0.021 +/- 0.023 vs. -0.003 +/- 0.012 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) per pmol/l, P = 0.0001) and beta-cell function (57.42 +/- 49.86 vs. 21.78 +/- 18.54 mU/l per mmol/l, P = 0.0014) significantly improved in the pioglitazone group, with no change observed after placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Pioglitazone improves endothelial dysfunction independently from the observed benefits on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and CAD.     

Associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and glycemic control in a large cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes

Background: The Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes has demonstrated persistent differences in metabolic outcomes between pediatric diabetes centers. These differences cannot be accounted for by differences in demographic, medical, or treatment variables. Therefore, we sought to explore whether differences in physical activity or sedentary behavior could explain the variation in metabolic outcomes between centers. Methods: An observational cross‐sectional international study in 21 centers, with demographic and clinical data obtained by questionnaire from participants. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assayed in one central laboratory. All individuals with diabetes aged 11–18 yr (49.4% female), with duration of diabetes of at least 1 yr, were invited to participate. Individuals completed a self‐reported measure of quality of life (Diabetes Quality of Life ‐ Short Form [DQOL‐SF]), with well‐being and leisure time activity assessed using measures developed by Health Behaviour in School Children WHO Project. Results: Older participants (p < 0.001) and females (p < 0.001) reported less physical activity. Physical activity was associated with positive health perception (p < 0.001) but not with glycemic control, body mass index, frequency of hypoglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis. The more time spent on the computer (r = 0.06; p < 0.05) and less time spent doing school homework (r = ?0.09; p < 0.001) were associated with higher HbA1c. Between centers, there were significant differences in reported physical activity (p < 0.001) and sedentary behavior (p < 0.001), but these differences did not account for center differences in metabolic control. Conclusions: Physical activity is strongly associated with psychological well‐being but has weak associations with metabolic control. Leisure time activity is associated with individual differences in HbA1c but not with intercenter differences.     

How do parents experience patching or dichoptic action video gaming as amblyopia treatment? A qualitative study exploring treatment preferences and information needs to facilitate decision-making

Purpose

To explore parents' experiences, preferences and information needs when either patching treatment or dichoptic action video gaming is used as an amblyopia treatment for their child.

Methods

A qualitative study was carried out on parents whose newly diagnosed amblyopic children participated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effects of dichoptic action video gaming versus patching. A purposive heterogenic sample was selected for an additional interview after the study period. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with one or both parents and transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was performed.

Results

Ten families agreed to participate: seven in the patching group and three in the gaming group. Two themes emerged from the data exploring experiences with treatment: (1) factors influencing compliance and (2) burden with treatment. Parents reported creating a routine which improved compliance with patching, as opposed to gaming where parents felt less need to conduct the treatment themselves as it was performed in the outpatient clinic. In both groups, parents experienced an information hiatus regarding the role of refractive error. In deciding the type of treatment to be used, parents preferred to deliberate the choice with the healthcare professional and discuss considerations resulting in shared decisions. The emerging themes were (1) effect and efficiency of treatment, (2) organisational aspects of treatments and (3) their child's traits.

Conclusion

This study provides insight into the experiences of parents whose children underwent different types of amblyopia therapy. Both treatments have their own advantages and disadvantages. For parents, the effectiveness and efficiency of treatment were the most important aspects when deciding the method of management. Parents wish to come to a well-informed, shared decision regarding the type of amblyopia treatment.